AQUATIC PROGRAMS

POOL UPDATE:

A portion of the swimming pool will be closed during the following dates and times:

  • Saturday, August 23, 2025, 3:00 – 5:00pm

There will be limited Open or Lane Swims during this time.

CHANGE ROOM UPDATE:

The swimming pool change rooms will be closed during the following dates and times to accommodate Columbus Centre Camps:

  • Mondays and Fridays, July 7 – August 22, 12:45 – 2:45pm

During these dates and times, the General change rooms will be available.

We apologize for any inconvenience.

POOL UPDATE:

The swimming pool will be closed during the following dates and times:

  • Saturday, January 17, 3:30 — 4:30pm

There will be no Open or Lane Swims during this time.

We apologize for any inconvenience.

The Columbus Centre Athletic Club swimming pool offers recreational swimming, swimming lessons and aquatic programs for people of all ages and levels from tots and teens to seniors. Our programs are provided by professionally certified instructors who are caring, nurturing, and encouraging. Whether you’re interested in swimming lessons for your children or want to join one of our aquafitness classes to stay fit as a senior – we’ve got you covered.

Aquatic Program Schedule

Pool Schedule: Effective January 5, 2026.

TimeMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdaySunday
7:00Lane Swim†
7:00 – 8:25am
Lane Swim†
7:00 – 8:45am
Lane Swim†
7:00 – 9:25am
Lane Swim†
7:00 – 9:30am
Lane Swim†
7:00 – 9:25am
Lane Swim†
7:00 – 8:55am
Lane Swim†
7:00 – 8:55am
7:15
7:30
7:45
8:00
8:15
8:30
General Aquafit
8:30 – 9:15am
8:45LDVA
8:45 – 10:15am
9:00
Swimming Lessons*
8:55am – 12:30pm
Water Babies*
8:55am – 1:05pm
9:15Closed
9:30General Aquafit
9:30 – 10:15am
General Aquafit
9:30 – 10:15am
Open Swim**
9:30am – 12:00pm
General Aquafit
9:30 – 10:15am
9:45
10:00
10:15Open Swim**
10:15am – 12:00pm
Open Swim**
10:15 – 11:15am
Open Swim**
10:15am – 12:00pm
Open Swim**
10:15 – 11:15am
10:30
10:45
11:00
11:15ClosedClosed
11:30
11:45Arthritis Aqua Training
11:45am – 12:30pm
Arthritis Aqua Training
11:45am – 12:30pm
12:00Adult Swim
12:00 – 1:00pm
Ages 18+
Adult Swim
12:00 – 1:00pm
Ages 18+
Adult Swim
12:00 – 12:40pm
Ages 18+
12:15
12:30ClosedClosedOpen Swim**
12:30 – 1:25pm
12:45General Aquafit
12:45 – 1:30pm
General Aquafit
12:45 – 1:30pm
Adult Swim
12:45 – 1:45pm
Ages 18+
1:00Open Swim**
1:00 – 3:30pm
Open Swim**
1:00 – 3:00pm
Open Swim**
1:05 – 5:00pm
1:15
1:30Deep End Aquafit*
1:35 – 2:35pm
Deep End Aquafit*
1:35 – 2:35pm
General Aquafit
1:30 – 2:15pm
1:45Open Swim**
1:45 – 3:45pm
2:00
2:15Open Swim**
2:15 – 5:00pm
2:30Open Swim**
2:35 – 5:30pm
Open Swim**
2:35 – 5:45pm
2:45
3:00Private Swim Lessons*
3:15
3:30Private Swim Lessons*
3:45Open Swim**
3:45 – 4:55pm
Private Swim Lessons*
4:00
4:15Open Swim**
4:15 – 4:55pm
4:30Open Swim**
4:30 – 8:30pm
4:45
5:00Swimming Lessons*
5:00 – 8:15pm
Swimming
Lessons*
5:00 – 8:15pm
Adult Swim
5:00 – 6:30pm
Ages 18+
Adult Swim
5:00 – 6:30pm
Ages 18+
5:15
5:30Private Swim Lessons*
5:45Private Swim Lessons*
6:00
6:15Swimming Lessons*
6:15 – 8:45pm
6:30General Aquafit
6:30 – 7:15pm
ClosedClosed
6:45
7:00
7:15Open Swim**
7:15 – 8:45pm
7:30
7:45
8:00
8:15Open Swim**
8:15 – 9:00pm
Open Swim**
8:15 – 9:00pm
8:30Closed
8:45ClosedClosed
9:00ClosedClosed

Schedule subject to seasonal change. Columbus Centre reserves the right to cancel or change swim
classes should registration be insufficient. Private lessons may take place anytime during the schedule.

* Extra charges required.

**Open Swim: 1 large lane for open swim, 2 lanes dedicated to lap swimming.

†Lane Swim: Entire pool dedicated to lap swimming

Registration

Winter 2025 Aquafit Classes registration begins Monday, December 8, 2025.

 

Members: Register here.   

Non-Members: Register here as Guest.

 

For more information email fitness@villacharities.com or call 416-789-7011 ext. 215.

Winter 2025 Swimming Lessons registration begins Saturday, December 6, 2025.

 

Register in-person at our Membership Office during office hours.

 

For more information or to confirm time slots, levels and availability email fitness@villacharities.com or call 416-789-7011 ext. 215.

Aquafit Classes

The Columbus Centre Athletic Club swimming pool offers a selection of aquafit classes designed to strengthen your muscles and improve your cardiovascular fitness in a low-impact format.

The benefits of Deep End Aquafitness are similar to land-based exercises if the intensity is the same. Classes are held in deep water eliminating any impact on your joints, using the buoyant belts or pool noodles for added support. Deep water classes are ideal for developing core strength and balance. Classes include a warm-up, cardio muscle conditioning and stretching. It provides combined muscular and cardiovascular conditioning along with increased range of motion with no impact. This is an excellent cross-training class since there is no centre of gravity in deep water and the body’s stabilizer muscles become more intensely involved.

Dates:

  • Option 1
    • Dates: Tuesdays, January 6 – March 3
    • Time: 1:35 – 2:35pm (9 classes)
    • Price: $135.00 + HST for Members & Non-Members
  • Option 2
    • Dates: Thursdays, January 8 – Marcy 5
    • Time: 1:35 – 2:35pm (9 classes)
    • Price: $135.00 + HST for Members & Non-Members

Experience the benefits of this specialty Arthritic Aquatic Training program that assists participants ages 50+ with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis conditions. Water-based exercise is a great way to move your muscles and joints without worsening your symptoms of arthritis. The emphasis is on stretching and muscle toning to improve and retain a good range of motion. Incorporated in the class to assist with mobility, we make use of a specially designed Aquafit Step.

Thanks to water resistance, stepping in water is more strenuous than stepping on dry land. The program helps relieve pain and stiffness while improving joint flexibility. Participating in physical activity in the water significantly decreases the amount of weight and pressure put on your joints, allowing you to move freely. Other health benefits include cardiovascular, strength, endurance, weight control, coordination, agility, stability and posture.

Dates:

  • Option 1
    • Dates: Tuesdays, January 6 – March 3
    • Time: 11:45am – 12:30pm (9 classes)
    • Price: $135.00 + HST for Members & Non-Members
  • Option 2
    • Dates: Fridays, January 9 – February 27
    • Time: 11:45am – 12:30pm (8 classes)
    • Price: $120.00 + HST for Members & Non-Members

A great total body workout to music in shallow or deep water, open to Members ages 18+ of all fitness levels. Classes focus on cardio, strengthening, flexibility and increasing endurance with minimal or zero impact on your joints in a safe, effective, and enjoyable environment.

 

Schedule*:

  • Mondays, 8:30 – 9:15am, 9:30 – 10:15am
  • Wednesdays & Fridays, 9:30 – 10:15am
  • Tuesdays & Thursdays, 12:45 – 1:30pm
  • Thursdays, 6:30 – 7:15pm
  • Saturdays, 1:30 – 2:15pm

 

Price:

Included in your Membership.

*Dates and schedule subject to seasonal change and holiday closures.

Experience your own personal fitness class in the pool! Water has a thousand times more resistance to that of air so it can provide an awesome workout. It is suitable for everyone as all movements use the body’s own resistance.

 

Your private instructor will lead you through a series of exercises for flexibility, muscular strength, cardiovascular health and stretching. Exercising in water relieves stress on joints and provides a very effective workout.

 

Please note extra payment is required for this program.

Gentle Aquafit provides a great stretching, strengthening, and low impact aerobic workout, in warm, soothing waist to chest-deep water. A great aerobic workout for toning muscles and improving flexibility, where the shallow water places the body’s balance at the feet, which is easier for those new to aquatic fitness programs and/or non-swimmers.  

Support gear (noodles, belts, etc.) are available to use during classes. 

No previous swimming experience necessary.

MILD CHALLENGE LEVEL
Mild Challenge Level is by design, intended to offer a mild strength and mild cardiovascular effort. This is an excellent class for seniors, those who wish to have a mild conditioning class, and great for those who have had joint replacement surgery, arthritis and fibromyalgia.

MODERATE CHALLENGE LEVEL
Moderate Challenge Level classes will increase the cardiovascular effort required while still offering complete scalability on the strength side. Classes are ideal for participants who want a mid-level cardio experience with individualized strength and mobility development.

Water Dance is a water aerobics exercise class that is a little different from the traditional water class, as it takes the ‘work’ out of the exercise. Water Dance does not involve advanced dance movements, but basic athletic movements that are manageable for beginners. The instructor leads pre-choreographed movements matched to music that is fun and familiar to participants. The music includes oldies and rock ‘n roll – musical favourites from the 1950s, ‘60s, ‘70s and more. You’ll forget that you’re working out but will be moving at a higher intensity than normal, which benefits your cardiovascular health and muscle tone. Muscles engaged include all upper-body muscles, legs, glutes and core. No equipment is required.

Dates:

  • Date: Fridays, January 10 – March 14 
  • Time: 10:30 – 11:15am (10 classes)
  • Price: $150.00 + HST for Members & Non-Members

Swimming Lessons

The Columbus Centre Athletic Club swimming pool offers swimming lessons, programs, and clubs for children and adults of all ages and abilities.

Give your child a head start on learning to swim. The Lifesaving Society Preschool program helps your child to develop an appreciation and healthy respect for the water before these kids get in too deep.

 

In our basic aquatic progressions we work to ensure 3 to 5-year olds become comfortable in the water and have fun acquiring and developing a foundation of water skills. We incorporate Lifesaving Society Water Smart® education in all Preschool levels.

 

Dates:

Contact the Membership Office

 

Price:
$260.00 per program for Members & Non-Members

 

PRESCHOOL A
These preschoolers will have fun learning to get in and out of the water. We’ll help them jump into chest deep water. They will try floats and glide on their front and back, and learn to get their face wet and blow bubbles underwater.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

PRESCHOOL B
These preschoolers learn to jump into chest-deep water by themselves, and get in and get out wearing a lifejacket. They’ll submerge and exhale underwater. While underwater and while wearing a life jacket, they’ll glide on their front and back.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

PRESCHOOL C
These youngsters will try both jumping and a sideways entry into deep water while wearing a lifejacket. They’ll recover objects from the bottom in waist-deep water. They’ll work on kicking and gliding through the water on their front and back.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

PRESCHOOL D
Advanced preschoolers will learn to do solo jumps into deeper water and get out by themselves. They’ll do sideways entries and open their eyes underwater. They’ll master a short (5m) swim on their front wearing a lifejacket and gliding and kicking on their side.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

PRESCHOOL E
These youngsters will try both jumping and a sideways entry into deep water while wearing a lifejacket. They’ll recover objects from the bottom in waist-deep water. They’ll work on kicking and gliding through the water on their front and back.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

The Lifesaving Society’s 6-level Swimmer program makes sure your children learn how to swim before they get in too deep.

 

Swimmer progressions accommodate children 6 years and older including absolute beginners as well as swimmers who want to build on the basics.

 

We stress lots of in-water practice to develop solid swimming strokes and skills. We incorporate Lifesaving Society Water Smart® education in all Swimmer levels.

 

Dates:

Contact the Membership Office

Price:
$260.00 per program for Members & Non-Members

 

SWIMMER 1
These beginners will become comfortable jumping into water with and without a lifejacket. They’ll learn to open their eyes, exhale and hold their breath underwater. They’ll work on floats, glides and kicking through the water on their front and back.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

SWIMMER 2
These advanced beginners will jump into deeper water, and learn to be comfortable falling sideways into the water wearing a lifejacket. They’ll be able to support themselves at the surface without an aid, learn whip kick, swim 10m on their front and back, and be introduced to flutter kick interval training 4 x 9-12m.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

SWIMMER 3
These junior swimmers will dive, do in-water front somersaults, and handstands. They’ll work on 10-15m of front crawl, back crawl and whip kick. Flutter kick interval training increases to 4 x 25m. Their new bag of tricks includes the completion of the Canadian Swim to Survive® Standard.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

The Lifesaving Society’s 6-level Swimmer program makes sure your children learn how to swim before they get in too deep.

 

Swimmer progressions accommodate children 6 years and older including absolute beginners as well as swimmers who want to build on the basics.

 

We stress lots of in-water practice to develop solid swimming strokes and skills. We incorporate Lifesaving Society Water Smart® education in all Swimmer levels.

 

Dates:

Contact the Membership Office

Price:
$260.00 per program for Members & Non-Members

 

SWIMMER 4
These intermediate swimmers will swim 5m underwater and lengths of front, back crawl, whip kick, and breaststroke arms with breathing. They’ll cap it all off with front crawl sprints over 25m and 4 x 25m front or back crawl interval training.

Program duration: 45-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

SWIMMER 5
These swimmers will master shallow dives, cannonball entries, eggbeater kicks, and in-water backward somersaults. They’ll refine their front and back crawl over 50m swims of each, and breaststroke over 15-25m. Then they’ll pick up the pace in 25m sprints and two interval training bouts: 4 x 50m front or back crawl; and 4 x 10-15m breaststroke.

Program duration: 45-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

SWIMMER 6
These advanced swimmers will rise to the challenge of sophisticated aquatic skills including stride entries, compact jumps and lifesaving kicks like eggbeater and scissor kick. They’ll develop strength and power in head-up breaststroke sprints over 25m. They’ll easily swim lengths of front crawl, back crawl, and breaststroke, and they’ll complain about the 300m workout.

Program duration: 45-minute lessons / 8 weeks

The Lifesaving Society’s 3-level Canadian Swim Patrol program provides enriched training for those who want to develop swim strokes and skills while having fun in the challenging world of lifesaving. Swim Patrol develops swimming strength and efficiency with emphasis on Water Smart® behaviour. Skill drills enhance capability in the water, good physical conditioning and lifesaving judgment.

 

Dates:

Contact the Membership Office

Price:
$260.00 per program for Members & Non-Members

 

SWIMMER 7 (Rookie Patrol)
Swimmers continue stroke development with 50m swims of front crawl, back crawl and breaststroke. Lifesaving sport skills include a 25m obstacle swim and 15m object carry. First aid focuses on assessment of conscious victims, contacting EMS, and treatment for bleeding. Fitness improves in 350m workouts and 100m timed swims.

Program duration: 60-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

SWIMMER 8 (Ranger Patrol)
Swimmers develop better strokes over 75m swims of each stroke. They tackle lifesaving sport skills in a lifesaving medley, timed object support and rescue with a buoyant aid. First aid focuses on assessment of unconscious victims, treatment of victims in shock and obstructed airway procedures. Skill drills develop a strong lifesaving foundation.

Program duration: 60-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

SWIMMER 9 (Star Patrol)
Swimmers are challenged with 600m workouts, 300m timed swims and a 25m object carry. Strokes are refined over 100m swims. First aid focuses on treatment of bone or joint injuries and respiratory emergencies including asthma and allergic reactions. Lifesaving skills include defence methods, victim removals and rolling over and supporting a victim face up in shallow water.

Program duration: 60-minute lessons / 8 weeks

Whether you’re just starting out or just want help with your strokes, our Adult program is for the young at heart – no matter what your age. Set your own goals. Work with certified instructors to learn to swim, or improve your current swimming ability and water fitness.

 

You won’t be going to the Olympics, but you’ll develop water confidence and smooth recognizable strokes good enough for lane swimming and fit enough for the beach. We incorporate Lifesaving Society Water Smart® education in all Adult levels.

 

Dates:

Contact the Membership Office

Price:
$260.00 per program for Members & Non-Members

 

ADULT 1
You’ll work towards a 10–15m swim on your front and back. You’ll do jump entries from the side and recover an object from the bottom in chest-deep water. Improve your fitness and your flutter kick with 4 x 9–12m interval training.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

ADULT 2
Kick it up a notch working on two interval training workouts of 4 x 25m kicking and front or back crawl. You’ll be able to perform dive entries and demonstrate breaststroke arms and breathing over 10–15m. You’ll be supporting yourself at the surface for 1–2 minutes, and showing off your handstands in shallow water.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

 

ADULT 3
No sweat (or at least none anyone can see). You’ll learn eggbeater, stride entries and compact jumps. You’ll be doing a 300m workout and sprinting 25–50m. You’ll master your front crawl, back crawl and breaststroke.

Program duration: 30-minute lessons / 8 weeks

Give your child a head start on learning to swim. The Lifesaving Society Preschool program helps your child to develop an appreciation and healthy respect for the water before these kids get in too deep.

 

In our basic aquatic progressions we work to ensure 3 to 5-year olds become comfortable in the water and have fun acquiring and developing a foundation of water skills. We incorporate Lifesaving Society Water Smart® education in all Preschool levels.

 

Dates:

Contact the Membership Office

Price:
$260.00 per program for Members & Non-Members

 

PRESCHOOL A
These preschoolers will have fun learning to get in and out of the water. We’ll help them jump into chest deep water. They will try floats and glide on their front and back, and learn to get their face wet and blow bubbles underwater.

 

PRESCHOOL B
These preschoolers learn to jump into chest-deep water by themselves, and get in and get out wearing a lifejacket. They’ll submerge and exhale underwater. While underwater and while wearing a life jacket, they’ll glide on their front and back.

 

PRESCHOOL C
These youngsters will try both jumping and a sideways entry into deep water while wearing a lifejacket. They’ll recover objects from the bottom in waist-deep water. They’ll work on kicking and gliding through the water on their front and back.

 

PRESCHOOL D
Advanced preschoolers will learn to do solo jumps into deeper water and get out by themselves. They’ll do sideways entries and open their eyes underwater. They’ll master a short (5m) swim on their front wearing a lifejacket and gliding and
kicking on their side.

 

PRESCHOOL E
These youngsters will try both jumping and a sideways entry into deep water while wearing a lifejacket. They’ll recover objects from the bottom in waist-deep water. They’ll work on kicking and gliding through the water on their front and back.

This program is geared to youths 10 – 15 years of age who wish to continue working on their swimming or life-saving skills. Motivated by a qualified instructor the participant will improve their stroke mechanics, strength and endurance and life-saving techniques in a rigorous one-hour workout.

 

Note: JSC is designed fill the gap between the Lifesaving Society Swimmer 9 and the Bronze courses

 

Dates:

Contact the Membership Office

Price:

$260.00 per program for Members & Non-Members

 

Program duration: 60-minute lessons / 8 weeks

Prerequisite: Participants are expected to have completed The Lifesaving Society Program – Swimmer 9 or have equivalent swimming ability.

Teaches an understanding of the lifesaving principles embodied in the four components of water-rescue education – judgment, knowledge, skill and fitness.

 

Rescuers learn tows and carries, defense and release methods in preparation for challenging rescues of increased risk involving conscious and unconscious victims of various types.

 

Lifesavers develop stroke efficiency and endurance in a 500m timed swim.

 

Dates:
Contact the Membership Office

Price:
$440.00 for Members & Non-Members

 

Program duration: 120-minute lessons / 8 weeks

Prerequisite: Age 13 or Bronze Star

Bronze Cross is one of the prerequisites for the National Lifeguard program and Instructor program. Candidates must be able to complete a 400-metre swim in 11 minutes or less by the course exam date.

In this course, candidates will learn the following:

  • Difference between lifesaving and lifeguarding
  • Principles of emergency procedures and teamwork
  • Rescue responses in multiple victim situations
  • Spinal injury management

Dates:
Contact the Membership Office

Price:
$390.00 for Members & Non-Members

Program duration: 120-minute lessons / 8 weeks

Prerequisites (must have all, current or expired):

  • Bronze Medallion
  • Emergency First Aid with CPR-B

Pool Rentals

The Columbus Centre Athletic Club’s large indoor pool is perfect for birthday parties, social functions or any other organized event. Every fitness staff member in the Athletic Club is certified in C.P.R, First Aid and A.E.D.

The Columbus Centre Athletic Club pool is available for 1-hour sessions, 7 days a week.*

  • Price:
    $200.00 – Half-Pool Rentals (1 Hour) (Max 20 participants)
    $375.00 – Full-Pool Rentals (1 Hour) (Max 30 participants)
    $400.00 – Full-Pool Rentals (1 Hour) (Max 50 participants)

* Subject to availability.

† Maximum participants include spectators on deck and guardians in the water. Capacity limits apply as per safety measures.

For more information on bookings and prices:
Phone: 416-789-7011 Ext. 215
Email: gungar@villacharities.com

General Information & FAQs

Private and semi-private lessons for both adults and children are available. Dates and times can be arranged by completing a Private Lesson Request form from the Membership or Pool Office. We do not guarantee the arrangement due to limited availability of instructors. All classes are 30 minutes only.

  • Private Lessons Price:
    $315.00* for Members & Non-Members (set of 5 lessons)
  • Semi-Private Lessons Price:
    $390.00* for Members & Non-Members (set of 5 lessons, 2 participants)

Members have been emailed a login and password to access online booking at columbuscentre.antaris.ca.

For individuals who currently do not have a valid email address registered with the Columbus Centre Athletic Club, you can book your time slot by calling the Aquatics Department at (416) 789-7011 ext. 215 or email fitness@villacharities.com to request a time slot.

  • Five minutes set-up time required. before and after all programs.
  • Open Swim — children and private instructors are welcome.
  • Programs subject to extra charges and special registration.
  • Schedule is subject to change.
  • Flotation devices will be provided.
  • Personal flotation equipment may be used.
  • Small cubby storage spaces will be available for towels, robes and small personal items.
  • DO NOT bring large bags or other sizeable items as the pool deck MUST remain clear at all times.
  • All swimmers must obey pool rules and regulations.
  • No person infected with a communicable disease or having open sores on his or her body shall enter the pool.


  • No person shall bring a glass container onto the deck or into the swimming pool.


  • No person shall pollute the pool in any manner.

  • Spitting, spouting of water, blowing the nose in the pool or on deck are prohibited.

  • No person shall engage in boisterous play in or about the pool.


  • The maximum number of bathers permitted on the deck and in the pool at any time is 30 with 1lifeguard and 60 with 2 lifeguards.


  • The nearest emergency phone available for use is outside the pool office on the wall.


  • Swimmers must take a shower with warm water and soap and thoroughly rinse off all soap before entering or re-entering the pool.


  • Street shoes are not permitted on the pool deck. Please wear sandals.


  • Swimmers are prohibited to swim if there is no lifeguard in the pool area.


  • Please listen to the lifeguard at all times.


  • Children 7 years of age and older must use the change room designated for their gender.


  • Children under 7 years of must be accompanied by an adult within arm’s reach in the swimming pool.


  • Children who are not toilet trained must wear swim diapers made for swimming pool use.


  • Children under the age of 14 must be accompanied by an adult in the water and on deck.


  • Children under the age of 14 must be pass a deep end test before swimming entering the deep end.


  • Swimmers under 18 years of age are not permitted in the pool during designated adult times.


  • Diving is only permitted at the far back deep end wall. Please avoid deep dives.



  • Please Choose the appropriate lane to swim in for your pace ie. Fast, Slow, Open Swim.


  • Walking, jogging, stationary activities should be performed in the open swim lane.


  • When entering the lane please give swimmers the right of way and notify them you are entering.

  • Circle swimming will commence counter clockwise when a third swimmer enters the lane.


  • Please allow faster swimmers to pass you once you have arrived at the end of the lane or mover to a slower lane if you are consistently being passed.

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